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Honouliuli Internment Camp
The Honouliuli Internment Camp, Hawaiʻi's largest and longest-operating internment camp, opened in 1943 and closed in 1946. Located near Waipahu on the island of Oʻahu, the site was designated Honouliuli National Monument by Presidential Proclamation on February 19, 2015 by President Barack Obama.〔(President Obama to Designate Honouliuli Internment Camp as a National Monument ), Hawaii News Now, Melanie Yamaguchi, February 18, 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2014.〕 The internment camp held 320 internees and also became the largest prisoner of war camp in Hawai‘i with nearly 4,000 individuals being held. Of the seventeen sites that were associated with the history of internment in Hawaiʻi during World War II, the camp was the only one built specifically for prolonged detention.〔Executive summary (Spring 2014) ("Draft Honouliuli Gulch and Associated Sites Special Resource Study" ) National Park Service〕 , the new national monument is without formal services and programs.〔("Management" ) Honouliuli National Monument website ''National Park Service'' Retrieved 19 February 2015〕
==Construction and operation==
Run by the U.S. Army, the camp's supervisor was Captain Siegfried Spillner. The camp was constructed on of land near Ewa and Waipahu on the island of Oahu to hold internees transferred from the soon-to-close Sand Island camp. It opened in March 1943. An dual barbed-wire fence enclosed the camp, and a company of military police stood guard from its eight watchtowers. Of the seventeen sites that were associated with the history of internment in Hawaiʻi during World War II, the camp was the only one built specifically for prolonged detention.〔〔〔〔 The isolated location in a deep gulch led Japanese American internees to nickname it .
The camp was designed to hold 3,000 people. At one time it held 320 U.S. civilians.〔 It was divided by barbed wire into sections, intended to separate internees by gender, nationality, and military or civilian status. By August 1943, there were 160 Japanese Americans and 69 Japanese interned there, according to the report of a colonel from the Swedish Legation who inspected the camp under the Geneva Convention.
Eventually, the camp held more than 4,000 Okinawans, Italians, German Americans, Koreans, and Taiwanese as well.〔 The first Korean prisoners were believed to have arrived in late 1943 or early 1944; they comprised non-combatant laborers captured during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. A Korean-language newsletter, the ''Free Press for Liberated Korea'' (자유한인보), was written and mimeographed by three Korean soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army interned in the camp; it continued publication until December 1945.〔 Beginning in 1943, the Japanese American internees were either released on parole or transferred to Department of Justice camps on the mainland. After the third transfer in November 1944, twenty-one U.S. civilians remained in Honouliuli and the camp served primarily as a holding center for POWs. At the end of the war, some 4,000 POWs were confined at Honouliuli; repatriation efforts began in December 1945 and continued into 1946.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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